The formation of book in the modern sense started with the use of wax tablets for writing. Wax was used for two purposes in time: First, the wax plates formed by pouring wax into wooden plates and used as tablets (1st century BC); the second, the wax plates with two sides were made by pouring wax into wooden frames. The frames were tied to each other with leather threads or bands. As the Islamic civilization started to expand and develop with Islam reaching beyond the Arabian Peninsula, Korans and exegeses were written in order to facilitate the spreading of Islamic culture and teaching of Islam. Naturally, the preservation of the manuscripts was of highest importance. The earliest manuscripts of the Islamic Period were found in Egypt and Tunisia. These parchment scrolls may be dated to the Tolunid Period (868-905 AD). Their covers have decorations of geometric and circular lines, stars and periods reminiscent of Coptic bookbinding. In the following years the decoration compositions developed as well, and the geometric compositions were filled in with vegetal motifs. Two book covers unearthed in Karahoça, Turfan, by Alfred von Lacog, and belonging to Uighur Turks of the 7th century AD in East Turkistan led to new questions regarding the history of bookbinding. The scrolls are in the East Asiatic Chinese style, and have wooden lids both on the top and the bottom tied with strings on the outside and are sewn leather bound. The art of bookbinding improved with the Fatimids and the Great Seljuks. This process continued with the Anatolia Seljuks, Mamluks and as of the 15th century with the Ilkhanids, Karamanids and other Anatolian emirates, and led on to Ottoman art of bookbinding. The 15th century Mamluk and Ottoman arts of bookbinding have many parallels. In this century in other regions are beautiful examples of bookbinding produced by the Timurids, Karakoyunids and Akkoyunids. Turkish-Islamic book-binds comprise four pieces: the right hand front cover (as the books were read from right to left), the left hand back cover, which is furbished with sertap (overlapping), and miklep (tuck). Turkish book arts encompass many arts. Eminonu.